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notes/education/nutrition/Energy Balance & Weight Management.md
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  • An overweight person has extra weight from bones, fat, muscle, body fat, and/or body wader
  • Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy bodyfat

Consequences

Obesity

  • Type II Diabetes (DM)
  • Hypertension
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Infertility
  • Certain cancers
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Respiratory problems
  • Surgical complications
  • Clinical depression
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Stroke

Underweight

  • Fatigue / Anemia
  • Nutrient deficiencies
  • Lack of energy
  • Poor concentration
  • Unhealthy hair, skin, nails
  • Osteoporosis
  • Illness/infection
  • Bone fractures
  • Amenorrhea
  • Infertility
  • High risk pregnancy
  • Clinical depression
  • Low body temperature

BMI

  • A numerical value based on the ratio between a person's height and weight that is used to classify a person's weight and measure risk for disease
  • Can be calculated using:
 \dfrac{Weight (kg)}{Height (m)^2} or \dfrac{Weight (lbs)}{Height (in)^2} * 703

Conversions:

  • Lbs -> Kg: Divide by 2.2
  • Feet -> Inches: Multiply by 12
  • Inches -> Meters: Multiply by 2.54 / 100

Ranges

  • Underweight: BMI < 18.5
  • Healthy weight: BMI 18.5 - 24.9
  • Overweight: BMI 25.0 - 29.9
  • Obese: BMI >= Obses
    • Obese Class I: BMI 30-34.9
    • Obese Class II: BMI 35-39.9
    • Obese Class III: BMI >=40

Limitations

Not always accurate for:

  • Highly muscular individuals
  • Older adults
  • Chronically ill individuals
  • BMI does not take gender, age, race, or activity level into account

NWO

  • Normal weight obesity refers to a normal body weight as measured by BMI, but they actually have higher body fat
  • Comes with an associated risk of insulin resistance
  • Diabetes
  • Coronary artery disease

Body Composition and Fat Distribution

  • Body composition is the relative and absolute measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as a percent body fat

  • Adipose tissue refers to fat cells

  • Total body fat refers to to adipose tissue and essential fat

  • Essential fat is fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue.

  • Subcutaneous is fat accumulation of adipose tissue cells in the tissue under the skin.

    • This layer helps to:
      • Insulate the body against cold temps
      • Protect the body from bumps and bruises

  • Visceral fat is the accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles and over the digestive organs to protect them

  • Types of obesity

    • Apple shaped (Central body): Central body obesity: Risk of heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, HTN, cancer
    • Gynoid (Pear shaped): Not associated w/ Chronic Disease Risk

Assessment

  • Hydrostatic weight (error of 2-3%)
  • Air displacement plethysmography- BODPOD (error of 3-5%)
  • Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: DEXA (Error of 1-4%)
  • Bio-electrical impedance (Error: 3-4%) Sends a shock through your body and measures how long it takes
  • Skinfold calipers (Error 3-5%)
  • Waist circumference -> 35 inches for a women or >40 inches for a man is associated with central adiposity and increased health risk, specifically CVD risk

Health

  • Losing as little as 5% of excess body fat
    • Can increase HDL cholesterol levels
    • Reduce high blood pressure
    • Improve glucose tolerance