93 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
93 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
- An overweight person has extra weight from bones, fat, muscle, body fat, and/or body wader
|
|
- Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy bodyfat
|
|
|
|
# Consequences
|
|
## Obesity
|
|
- Type II Diabetes (DM)
|
|
- **Hypertension**
|
|
- Cardiovascular disease
|
|
- **Obstructive sleep apnea**
|
|
- Osteoarthritis
|
|
- Infertility
|
|
- Certain cancers
|
|
- Gallbladder disease
|
|
- Respiratory problems
|
|
- Surgical complications
|
|
- Clinical depression
|
|
- Metabolic syndrome
|
|
- **Stroke**
|
|
|
|
# Underweight
|
|
- Fatigue / Anemia
|
|
- Nutrient deficiencies
|
|
- Lack of energy
|
|
- Poor concentration
|
|
- Unhealthy hair, skin, nails
|
|
- Osteoporosis
|
|
- Illness/infection
|
|
- Bone fractures
|
|
- Amenorrhea
|
|
- Infertility
|
|
- High risk pregnancy
|
|
- Clinical depression
|
|
- Low body temperature
|
|
|
|
# BMI
|
|
- A numerical value based on the ratio between a person's height and weight that is used to **classify a person's weight** and **measure risk for disease**
|
|
- Can be calculated using:
|
|
$$ \dfrac{Weight (kg)}{Height (m)^2} or \dfrac{Weight (lbs)}{Height (in)^2} * 703 $$
|
|
Conversions:
|
|
- Lbs -> Kg: Divide by 2.2
|
|
- Feet -> Inches: Multiply by 12
|
|
- Inches -> Meters: Multiply by 2.54 / 100
|
|
|
|
## Ranges
|
|
- Underweight: BMI < 18.5
|
|
- Healthy weight: BMI 18.5 - 24.9
|
|
- Overweight: BMI 25.0 - 29.9
|
|
- Obese: BMI >= Obses
|
|
- Obese Class I: BMI 30-34.9
|
|
- Obese Class II: BMI 35-39.9
|
|
- Obese Class III: BMI >=40
|
|
|
|
## Limitations
|
|
Not always accurate for:
|
|
- Highly muscular individuals
|
|
- Older adults
|
|
- Chronically ill individuals
|
|
- BMI does not take gender, age, race, or activity level into account
|
|
|
|
## NWO
|
|
- Normal weight obesity refers to a normal body weight as measured by BMI, but they actually have higher body fat
|
|
- Comes with an associated risk of insulin resistance
|
|
- Diabetes
|
|
- Coronary artery disease
|
|
|
|
# Body Composition and Fat Distribution
|
|
- Body composition is the relative and absolute measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as a percent body fat
|
|
- Adipose tissue refers to fat cells
|
|
- Total body fat refers to to adipose tissue and essential fat
|
|
- Essential fat is fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue.
|
|
- **Subcutaneous** is fat accumulation of adipose tissue cells in the tissue under the skin.
|
|
- This layer helps to:
|
|
- *Insulate the body against cold temps*
|
|
- *Protect the body from bumps and bruises*
|
|
- **Visceral fat** is the accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles and over the digestive organs to protect them
|
|
|
|
- Types of obesity
|
|
- **Apple shaped (Central body)**: Central body obesity: Risk of heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, HTN, cancer
|
|
- **Gynoid (Pear shaped)**: Not associated w/ Chronic Disease Risk
|
|
|
|
## Assessment
|
|
- Hydrostatic weight (error of 2-3%)
|
|
- Air displacement plethysmography- BODPOD (error of 3-5%)
|
|
- Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: DEXA (Error of 1-4%)
|
|
- **Bio-electrical impedance** (Error: 3-4%) Sends a shock through your body and measures how long it takes
|
|
- Skinfold calipers (Error 3-5%)
|
|
- **Waist circumference -> 35 inches for a women** or **>40 inches for a man** is associated with central adiposity and increased health risk, specifically CVD risk
|
|
|
|
## Health
|
|
- Losing as little as 5% of excess body fat
|
|
- Can increase HDL cholesterol levels
|
|
- Reduce high blood pressure
|
|
- Improve glucose tolerance |