28 lines
1.8 KiB
Markdown
28 lines
1.8 KiB
Markdown
Any poduct that contains a logic circuit is classified as digital hardware.
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- Moore's Law states that the number of a transistors on a chip doubles every two years
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- The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) forecasts technology, including the number of transistors on a chip
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- Multiple integrated circuits can be connected using a printed circuit board, or PCB.
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- *Standard chips* conform to an agreed upon standard for functionality and physical configuration. They are usually less than 100 transistors in size, and provide basic building blocks for logic.
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- These chips are combined to form a larger logic circuit
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- They were popular until the 1980s
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- As ICs improved, it became inefficient space-wise to have separate chips for each logical building block
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- The functionality of these chips is fixed, and they do not change.
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# Programmable Logic Devices
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Programmable logic devices (PLDs) include a number of programmable switches that can configure the internal circuitry of a chip
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- The most common type of PLD is a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
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- FPGAs are widely available, but come with the drawback that they're limited in speed and performance
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# Application Specific Integrated Circuits
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Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) have higher maximum performance and transistor density compared to FPGAs, but the cost of production is very high.
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- A logic circuit is made of connected logic gates
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# Binary Numbers
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In base 10, a value is expressed by an n-tuple with n digits
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$$ D = d_{n-1}d_{n-2} \cdots d_1 d_0 $$
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This represents the value
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$$ V(D) = d_{n-1} * 10^{n-1} + d_{n - 2} * 10^{n-2} + \cdots + d_1 * 10^1 + d_0 * 10^0 $$
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# Definitions
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- **Xtor** is an abbreviation for *transistor*
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- **Moore's Law** states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years.
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- A tuple is a finite and ordered list of things |