109 lines
3.7 KiB
Markdown
109 lines
3.7 KiB
Markdown
- An overweight person has extra weight from bones, fat, muscle, body fat, and/or body wader
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- Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy bodyfat
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# Consequences
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## Obesity
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- Type II Diabetes (DM)
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- **Hypertension**
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- Cardiovascular disease
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- **Obstructive sleep apnea**
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- Osteoarthritis
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- Infertility
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- Certain cancers
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- Gallbladder disease
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- Respiratory problems
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- Surgical complications
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- Clinical depression
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- Metabolic syndrome
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- **Stroke**
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# Underweight
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- Fatigue / Anemia
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- Nutrient deficiencies
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- Lack of energy
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- Poor concentration
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- Unhealthy hair, skin, nails
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- Osteoporosis
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- Illness/infection
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- Bone fractures
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- Amenorrhea
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- Infertility
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- High risk pregnancy
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- Clinical depression
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- Low body temperature
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# BMI
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- A numerical value based on the ratio between a person's height and weight that is used to **classify a person's weight** and **measure risk for disease**
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- Can be calculated using:
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$$ \dfrac{Weight (kg)}{Height (m)^2} or \dfrac{Weight (lbs)}{Height (in)^2} * 703 $$
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Conversions:
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- Lbs -> Kg: Divide by 2.2
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- Feet -> Inches: Multiply by 12
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- Inches -> Meters: Multiply by 2.54 / 100
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## Ranges
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- Underweight: BMI < 18.5
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- Healthy weight: BMI 18.5 - 24.9
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- Overweight: BMI 25.0 - 29.9
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- Obese: BMI >= Obses
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- Obese Class I: BMI 30-34.9
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- Obese Class II: BMI 35-39.9
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- Obese Class III: BMI >=40
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## Limitations
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Not always accurate for:
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- Highly muscular individuals
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- Older adults
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- Chronically ill individuals
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- BMI does not take gender, age, race, or activity level into account
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## NWO
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- Normal weight obesity refers to a normal body weight as measured by BMI, but they actually have higher body fat
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- Comes with an associated risk of insulin resistance
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- Diabetes
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- Coronary artery disease
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# Body Composition and Fat Distribution
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- Body composition is the relative and absolute measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as a percent body fat
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- Adipose tissue refers to fat cells
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- Total body fat refers to to adipose tissue and essential fat
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- Essential fat is fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue.
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- **Subcutaneous** is fat accumulation of adipose tissue cells in the tissue under the skin.
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- This layer helps to:
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- *Insulate the body against cold temps*
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- *Protect the body from bumps and bruises*
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- **Visceral fat** is the accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles and over the digestive organs to protect them
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- Types of obesity
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- **Apple shaped (Central body)**: Central body obesity: Risk of heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, HTN, cancer. Th
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- **Gynoid (Pear shaped)**: Not associated w/ Chronic Disease Risk
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## Assessment
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- Hydrostatic weight (error of 2-3%)
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- Air displacement plethysmography- BODPOD (error of 3-5%)
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- Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: DEXA (Error of 1-4%)
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- **Bio-electrical impedance** (Error: 3-4%) Sends a shock through your body and measures how long it takes. Body fat resists electricity more.
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- Skinfold calipers (Error 3-5%)
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- **Waist circumference -> 35 inches for a women** or **>40 inches for a man** is associated with central adiposity and increased health risk, specifically CVD risk
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## Health
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- Losing as little as 5% of excess body fat
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- Can increase HDL cholesterol levels
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- Reduce high blood pressure
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- Improve glucose tolerance
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# Energy Exchange
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## Energy In
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- Carbs
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- Lipids
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- Proteins
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- Alcohol
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## Energy Out (Total Energy Expenditure )
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- Basal metabolic rate
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- The minimum number of kcals required to maintain normal body function after fasting and resting for 12 hours. **Accounts for ~60-75% of an individual's total energy use**
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- Factors that increase BMR include thyroid hormone levels and postexercise recovery
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- Factors that decrease BMR include starvation and aging.
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- Physical activity
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- Thermic effect of food
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- Non-exercise activity |