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education/computer engineering/ECE2700/Digital Hardware.md
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Any product that contains a logic circuit is classified as digital hardware. Any poduct that contains a logic circuit is classified as digital hardware.
- Moore's Law states that the number of a transistors on a chip doubles every two years - Moore's Law states that the number of a transistors on a chip doubles every two years
- The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) forecasts technology, including the number of transistors on a chip - The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) forecasts technology, including the number of transistors on a chip
- Multiple integrated circuits can be connected using a printed circuit board, or PCB. - Multiple integrated circuits can be connected using a printed circuit board, or PCB.
- *Standard chips* conform to an agreed upon standard for functionality and physical configuration. They are usually less than 100 transistors in size, and provide basic building blocks for logic. - *Standard chips* conform to an agreed upon standard for functionality and physical configuration. They are usually less than 100 transistors in size, and provide basic building blocks for logic.
- These chips are combined to form a larger logic circuit - These chips are combined to form a larger logic circuit
- THey were popu - They were popular until the 1980s
- As ICs improved, it became inefficient space-wise to have separate chips for each logical building block
- The functionality of these chips is fixed, and they do not change.
# Programmable Logic Devices
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) include a number of programmable switches that can configure the internal circuitry of a chip
- The most common type of PLD is a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
- FPGAs are widely available, but come with the drawback that they're limited in speed and performance
# Application Specific Integrated Circuits
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) have higher maximum performance and transistor density compared to FPGAs, but the cost of production is very high.
- A logic circuit is made of connected logic gates
# Binary Numbers
# Definitions # Definitions
- **Xtor** is an abbreviation for *transistor* - **Xtor** is an abbreviation for *transistor*
- **Moore's Law** states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years. - **Moore's Law** states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years.